Healthcare Respiratory Therapist Study Guide

Becoming a Respiratory Therapist requires not only completing a formal education program but also passing a rigorous certification exam. This exam validates your clinical knowledge, critical thinking, and technical competence. Whether you are pursuing certification in Canada or the United States, understanding what to expect on the exam is the first step toward a successful career in respiratory care.

What to Expect on the Exam

In the United States, the certification process is managed by the National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC). Candidates must pass the Therapist Multiple-Choice (TMC) Examination and, for the Registered Respiratory Therapist (RRT) credential, the Clinical Simulation Examination (CSE).

In Canada, aspiring RTs are required to pass the Canadian Board for Respiratory Care (CBRC) exam. This nationally recognized assessment ensures therapists meet the competency standards established by provincial regulatory authorities.

These exams are designed to test your clinical judgment, patient care knowledge, and ability to make informed decisions under pressure. Whether U.S. or Canadian, the exams emphasize both theoretical knowledge and real-world application.

Exam Format

United States – NBRC Exams:

• TMC Exam:
  • Questions: 140 multiple-choice (120 scored, 20 pretest)
  • Time Limit: 3 hours
  • Question Types: Multiple-choice
  • Scoring: Two cut scores—low (CRT credential) and high (eligibility for CSE and RRT)
  • Retake Policy: 3 attempts for TMC in 3 years, 3 attempts for CSE within 3 years of high cut TMC pass
• CSE Exam:
  • Questions: 22 clinical simulations
  • Time Limit: 4 hours
  • Question Types: Interactive clinical decision-making scenarios
  • Scoring: Pass/fail with domain-specific criteria
  • Retake Policy: Eligible after 30 days if requirements are met

Canada – CBRC Exam:

• Questions: Approximately 200 multiple-choice
• Time Limit: 4 hours
• Question Types: Multiple-choice questions with case-based scenarios
• Scoring: Based on a scaled scoring system (typically 70% or higher to pass)
• Retake Policy: 3 attempts within 3 years of graduation

Core Topics Covered

Respiratory Therapist certification exams assess a wide spectrum of knowledge areas. Major categories include:

• Patient Assessment
  • Physical examination, lab result interpretation, and patient history
• Therapeutic Procedures
  • Oxygen therapy, aerosol therapy, bronchial hygiene, and airway management
• Mechanical Ventilation
  • Ventilator setup, monitoring, troubleshooting, and weaning protocols
• Diagnostics
  • Pulmonary function testing, ABG analysis, radiologic interpretation
• Emergency & Critical Care
  • CPR, code response, trauma care, and acute respiratory failure management
• Professional & Ethical Practice
  • Documentation, patient confidentiality, infection control, and interprofessional collaboration

Passing Requirements

In the United States, passing the TMC exam at the low cut score grants the Certified Respiratory Therapist (CRT) credential. Achieving the high cut score makes you eligible to attempt the CSE for the RRT credential. Success in both exams is required to attain full registration.

In Canada, candidates must score above the national threshold—typically 70% or higher—on the CBRC exam. The results are pass/fail, and provincial licensing is contingent on this outcome.

Study Tips & Strategies

Preparing for your Respiratory Therapist exam can be overwhelming, but a focused strategy can make a significant difference. Here are five proven tips to help you succeed:

1. Understand the Exam Blueprint: Familiarize yourself with the official content outline. Knowing which topics carry more weight helps prioritize your study time.
2. Use High-Quality Practice Tests: Simulate the real exam environment with full-length practice tests. Identify weak areas and track progress over time.
3. Study in Intervals: Use techniques like the Pomodoro method—short, focused study sessions followed by breaks—to boost retention and reduce fatigue.
4. Focus on Clinical Application: Go beyond memorization. Practice applying your knowledge in case-based questions, simulations, or peer discussions.
5. Stay Updated and Confident: Review current clinical guidelines and trust your training. Confidence comes from preparation and consistent review.

Use our proven Healthcare Study Guide platform for effective preparation. Access detailed exam insights, question breakdowns, and more.

Understanding the Respiratory Therapist Exam Format

Whether you're preparing for the National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC) exams in the United States or the Canadian Board for Respiratory Care (CBRC) exam in Canada, understanding the structure and question types of the Respiratory Therapist exam is essential to your success. These professional certification exams are designed to evaluate both your theoretical knowledge and your ability to apply that knowledge in clinical situations.

The exams typically include a wide variety of question formats that assess critical thinking, clinical decision-making, and problem-solving. By familiarizing yourself with the types of questions and building a solid test-taking strategy, you can reduce anxiety and increase your chances of passing on your first attempt.

Common Question Types:
The Respiratory Therapist certification exams use several different question formats to evaluate your competency. While each exam may have its own emphasis, most include a combination of the following:

• Multiple Choice: Choose the single best answer from four or five options.
• Select All That Apply (SATA): Select all correct answers from a list; more than one may be correct.
• Fill-in-the-Blank: Provide a specific answer based on calculation or clinical data.
• Ordered Response: Rank or arrange items in the correct sequence, such as steps in a clinical procedure.
• Image-Based or Case-Based Questions: Analyze x-rays, ventilator readouts, ABG results, or patient charts and answer related questions.

Understanding how to approach each question type is critical. Multiple-choice and SATA questions may seem familiar, but image-based or case-based scenarios often test deeper levels of application and interpretation, mimicking real-life clinical challenges.

Example Questions:
Here are two sample exam-style questions with answers and explanations to give you a sense of what to expect:

Sample Question 1 – Multiple Choice
A 68-year-old male with a history of COPD presents with shortness of breath and wheezing. Arterial blood gas (ABG) results are as follows: pH 7.33, PaCO₂ 55 mmHg, PaO₂ 60 mmHg, HCO₃⁻ 28 mEq/L. What is the most appropriate initial treatment?

A) Administer IV antibiotics
B) Initiate non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV)
C) Increase patient’s fluid intake
D) Perform chest physiotherapy

Correct Answer: B) Initiate non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV)
Rationale: The ABG indicates respiratory acidosis with partial metabolic compensation, a common presentation in acute-on-chronic respiratory failure. NIPPV helps reduce CO₂ retention and improve ventilation, making it the most appropriate first-line treatment.

Sample Question 2 – Image-Based
Refer to the ventilator waveform shown. The pressure-time curve demonstrates a "beaking" pattern during inspiration. What is the likely cause of this pattern?

A) Inadequate inspiratory flow
B) Auto-PEEP
C) Overdistension due to high tidal volume
D) Airway obstruction

Correct Answer: C) Overdistension due to high tidal volume
Rationale: A beaking pattern on the pressure waveform suggests the lungs are being overinflated during inspiration. Reducing the tidal volume or peak inspiratory pressure can help prevent barotrauma and improve lung protection.

Practice Strategies:
To maximize your performance, it's important to use study methods that simulate the real testing experience. Consider the following strategies as part of your exam prep routine:

• Use a Variety of Question Types: Familiarize yourself with every type of question that may appear on the exam. Don’t just focus on multiple-choice questions—SATA, fill-in-the-blank, and case-based formats are equally important.
• Simulate Exam Conditions: Set aside time for full-length practice tests. Work in a quiet environment, avoid distractions, and time yourself. Simulating test-day conditions will build stamina and reduce anxiety.
• Focus on High-Yield Concepts: Concentrate on the most frequently tested topics such as ABG interpretation, ventilator management, airway clearance, oxygen therapy, and pharmacology. Prioritize reviewing national guidelines, respiratory equations, and patient assessment tools.
• Review Rationales: Don’t just memorize answers—understand why each answer is correct or incorrect. Reading explanations builds critical thinking skills that are essential on test day.
• Track Your Progress: Keep a log of your scores and identify your weak areas. Spend extra time reviewing those topics and questions where you're consistently scoring lower.

Exam Preparation Tools:
There are many resources available to help you prepare, including flashcards, online test banks, simulation software, and respiratory therapy textbooks. However, structured practice with exam-style questions is one of the most effective ways to prepare.

Online resources such as Healthcare Study Guide offer targeted practice questions that reflect the latest exam formats and professional standards. You can also find study groups, video lectures, and interactive tools to support different learning styles.

The Value of Consistent Practice
Studies show that active recall and repeated testing are more effective than passive reading. By integrating sample questions into your daily study routine, you'll reinforce your memory, improve test-taking confidence, and identify gaps in your understanding well before the exam day.

Whether you're just starting your exam prep or in the final weeks of review, building familiarity with the question structure is key. The more comfortable you are with different question types, the faster and more accurately you can respond under time pressure.

Boost your confidence with 250+ exam-style questions from Healthcare Study Guide. Practice anywhere, anytime, and master the content and format of the Respiratory Therapist exam.

Morning Routine

The day for a Respiratory Therapist (RT) usually starts early, especially in hospital environments where 12-hour shifts and rotating schedules are common. Upon arrival, the therapist reviews the patient assignment sheet and checks notes from the previous shift. They then gather necessary equipment and proceed to assess each assigned patient. This includes measuring oxygen saturation, reviewing ventilator settings, and conducting physical assessments. In critical care units like the ICU or NICU, these assessments are detailed and frequent. RTs may assist with morning rounds, providing critical updates to the attending physicians and nurses. This collaboration ensures a cohesive care plan and a clear focus for the day ahead.

Midday Activities
The bulk of a Respiratory Therapist’s work takes place during the middle of the day. RTs carry out prescribed respiratory treatments, which can include administering bronchodilators, nebulizer treatments, and chest physiotherapy. They may also conduct diagnostic tests such as arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis and pulmonary function testing (PFT). During this time, they often rotate through different departments like the emergency room, post-op recovery units, or pediatric wards depending on patient needs. Emergencies can interrupt scheduled work—whether it's a patient in respiratory distress, a code blue requiring intubation, or adjusting ventilator settings due to changing patient conditions. They also spend time educating patients and caregivers, particularly those transitioning to home care, about using oxygen tanks, inhalers, or CPAP machines. The RT plays an essential role in not only treatment but also patient empowerment.

End-of-Day Wrap-Up
Toward the end of the shift, Respiratory Therapists review patient progress and prepare reports for the incoming shift. They may follow up on tests conducted earlier, analyze trends in oxygenation, and relay significant findings to physicians. Equipment used throughout the day—such as ventilators and blood gas analyzers—is cleaned and restocked, and documentation is finalized in electronic medical records. For those working in outpatient or home healthcare, the end of the day might involve scheduling follow-ups or coordinating with case managers. Despite a physically demanding schedule, most RTs find satisfaction in knowing their work has had a direct and measurable impact on patients’ lives.

Tools & Equipment Used

• Mechanical ventilators
• CPAP and BiPAP machines
• Oxygen delivery systems (nasal cannulas, face masks, high-flow oxygen)
• Nebulizers and metered-dose inhalers (MDIs)
• Arterial blood gas (ABG) analyzers
• Spirometers and plethysmographs for pulmonary function testing
• Suction machines
• Capnography monitors and pulse oximeters
• Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems

Challenges & Rewards

Respiratory Therapists face a number of challenges in their daily routines. High-stress environments, emotionally heavy cases, and long hours can contribute to mental and physical fatigue. RTs often work with critically ill patients, including those in life-threatening situations such as trauma, stroke, or severe asthma attacks. These situations require not only technical skill but emotional resilience. In long-term care or home settings, therapists may encounter patients struggling with chronic diseases and a lower quality of life, which can be emotionally draining.

Despite these challenges, the career is deeply rewarding. Few other healthcare roles offer such a direct link between treatment and patient outcome. Helping a child breathe without a ventilator for the first time, stabilizing a patient during a medical emergency, or educating a family about managing COPD at home are all moments that leave a lasting impression. The appreciation from patients and families, the camaraderie with healthcare teams, and the opportunity to literally give someone the breath of life provide a sense of purpose that is hard to match in other professions.

RTs also enjoy a high level of professional autonomy, especially in specialized environments like critical care or pulmonary diagnostics. As they gain experience, many choose to specialize further, moving into roles like neonatal or pediatric respiratory care, sleep medicine, or education and leadership. This variety keeps the career path interesting and offers plenty of opportunities for growth and development.

Know what to expect before stepping into the field. Use Healthcare Study Guide to prepare with real-world scenarios and mock questions

Entry-Level Roles

Respiratory Therapists typically begin their careers after graduating from an accredited program and passing the required licensing or certification exams. In entry-level positions, they may be assigned to general care units in hospitals, emergency departments, or outpatient respiratory clinics. Their duties often include performing routine respiratory assessments, administering medications through nebulizers or inhalers, managing oxygen therapy, and assisting in emergencies under the supervision of senior RTs or physicians. These roles provide foundational experience and help new therapists become comfortable with a wide variety of patient conditions and treatment protocols. Entry-level RTs also begin to develop essential skills in time management, patient communication, and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Mid-Level & Specialized Roles
With a few years of experience, Respiratory Therapists often move into more specialized or autonomous roles. At the mid-level, they may be assigned to intensive care units (ICU), neonatal intensive care units (NICU), or pulmonary rehabilitation centers. In these roles, RTs are responsible for more advanced procedures, including ventilator management, airway suctioning, non-invasive ventilation, and advanced diagnostic testing. Some may also become preceptors or mentors for new staff, helping to train and onboard recent graduates.

This stage of the career often allows therapists to begin narrowing their focus and exploring clinical specializations that match their interests or strengths. They may work more closely with physicians in developing care plans, become involved in case management, or take on more responsibility in equipment procurement and protocol development. This is also when many RTs pursue additional certifications to enhance their qualifications in specific areas of care.

Advanced Positions
As Respiratory Therapists continue to grow professionally, advanced career options become available. These positions often include supervisory or management roles such as Lead Respiratory Therapist, Clinical Supervisor, or Department Manager. In these capacities, RTs oversee daily operations, manage staffing, ensure compliance with hospital policies, and implement quality improvement initiatives. Advanced therapists are often involved in budget planning, interdepartmental communication, and strategic development of the respiratory care unit.

Another path for advancement includes becoming a Clinical Specialist or Educator, where RTs lead training programs, facilitate professional development workshops, and ensure staff maintain up-to-date certifications and skills. Some experienced therapists may transition into roles as physician extenders or transition into case coordination for complex respiratory patients, especially in long-term care facilities or home healthcare settings.

Specialization Opportunities

• Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care
• Pulmonary Diagnostics and Testing
• Sleep Disorders and Polysomnography
• Critical Care and ICU Ventilation
• Home Respiratory Therapy
• Asthma Education and Pulmonary Rehabilitation
• Transport and Emergency Response (Flight RTs, Ambulance Care)
• ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) Specialist
• Anesthesia Assistant (in some regions with advanced training)
• Smoking Cessation Counseling and Chronic Disease Management

Leadership & Non-Clinical Options

As their careers progress, some Respiratory Therapists seek out leadership or non-clinical roles. These positions allow professionals to contribute to the healthcare field in broader or more strategic ways while using their respiratory expertise.

In education, RTs can become instructors or program directors at colleges and universities, training the next generation of therapists. These roles often involve curriculum development, classroom and lab instruction, and academic advising. RT educators may also contribute to the field through research or scholarly publication.

Those interested in informatics and data can pursue roles in healthcare technology and information systems, helping to design and implement systems that improve patient monitoring, recordkeeping, and outcome tracking. RTs with a background in data can become quality analysts, focusing on improving respiratory care delivery through data-driven decision-making.

Consulting is another viable pathway, especially for those with extensive experience. Respiratory Therapists may work with medical device companies, assist with clinical product testing, provide staff training, or help hospitals implement new respiratory technologies. Some even transition into medical sales, using their expertise to guide hospitals and clinics in choosing the best respiratory equipment and supplies.

Other options include working with government agencies, public health departments, or nonprofit organizations to advocate for respiratory health, influence policy, or lead community-based education initiatives. Experienced RTs may also participate in clinical research, developing new respiratory treatment protocols or investigating innovative therapies.

Explore the full path of your healthcare career. Start with the right study resources from Healthcare Study Guide.

A career as a Respiratory Therapist not only offers personal fulfillment and job stability but also delivers strong earning potential across Canada and the United States. Salaries vary by location, level of experience, work setting, and certification status. With increasing demand for respiratory care professionals, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, wage expectations have risen steadily, making this career path both meaningful and financially rewarding.

2024 National Averages

Across North America, Respiratory Therapists enjoy competitive wages that reflect their critical role in patient care. Here are the current national averages for 2024:

• Canada: CAD $72,935 per year (approximately USD $54,700)
• United States: USD $85,392 per year (approximately CAD $113,800)

These figures are based on full-time professionals and may include base salary, overtime, and benefits. Wages typically rise with increased credentials, years of service, and specialization.

By Region: Canada (Hourly Rates)

Wages for Respiratory Therapists in Canada vary across provinces and territories, with northern and remote areas often offering higher pay to attract skilled professionals. Below are average hourly wage ranges:

• Alberta: CAD $30.50–$54.00
• British Columbia: CAD $32.50–$52.00
• Ontario: CAD $26.00–$48.00
• Quebec: CAD $25.00–$49.00
• Territories (e.g., Nunavut): CAD $34.00–$83.00

In the Territories, Respiratory Therapists may also receive remote living allowances, relocation bonuses, and subsidized housing, making these regions particularly attractive for short- and long-term assignments.

By Region: United States (Annual Salaries)

In the United States, state-by-state wages differ significantly based on cost of living, demand for healthcare professionals, and healthcare infrastructure. Below are estimated average annual salaries:

• California: USD $137,690 (approximately CAD $183,500)
• Hawaii: USD $119,710 (approximately CAD $159,500)
• Oregon: USD $113,440 (approximately CAD $151,100)
• Texas: USD $90,210 (approximately CAD $120,200)
• Florida: USD $84,760 (approximately CAD $112,900)

California consistently leads due to its strong union presence, large healthcare systems, and higher living costs. Respiratory Therapists in states like Oregon and Hawaii also benefit from generous wages and additional compensation incentives.

Factors Influencing Wages

Multiple variables affect how much a Respiratory Therapist can earn throughout their career. Understanding these factors can help professionals make informed decisions about job offers, career advancement, and certifications:

• Experience: Entry-level therapists may start at lower ranges but can significantly increase earnings within 3–5 years through hands-on experience.
• Education Level: Advanced diplomas, bachelor’s degrees, or continuing education in specialty areas like neonatal care or sleep disorders can lead to higher pay and leadership roles.
• Work Setting: Hospitals and ICUs often pay more than outpatient clinics or home health services. Those working in emergency departments or transport teams may receive additional hazard pay or shift differentials.
• Union Membership: In both Canada and the U.S., unionized respiratory therapists tend to earn higher wages and have better benefits, including scheduled pay raises, health coverage, and paid leave.
• Specialization: Therapists with specialized credentials (e.g., Neonatal/Pediatric Specialist – NPS, or Sleep Disorders Specialist – SDS) are in higher demand and can negotiate higher salaries and more advanced roles.

Maximizing Your Earning Potential

If you're planning to enter this profession, it pays—literally—to invest in your certification journey. Getting certified faster means entering the workforce sooner and earning a full salary rather than waiting through delays or multiple exam attempts. Professionals who prepare thoroughly for their licensing exams often pass on the first try, reducing downtime and increasing their lifetime earnings.

Additionally, exploring roles in remote or underserved areas, pursuing overtime or per diem work, or joining professional associations can further boost your income and provide career development opportunities.

Unlock higher earnings by passing your certification. Our online study guides at Healthcare Study Guide help you get there faster.

Essential Tools Used by Respiratory Therapists

Respiratory Therapists work in high-pressure environments that require accuracy, efficiency, and clinical precision. To succeed in this field, professionals must be familiar with a wide range of tools and software designed to monitor, diagnose, and treat patients with breathing and pulmonary conditions.

Common medical tools include mechanical ventilators, nebulizers, oxygen delivery systems, and spirometers for assessing lung capacity. Portable pulse oximeters and capnography machines are frequently used to monitor blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. Bronchoscopes allow for visual examination of the airways and collection of biopsy samples.

In addition to physical tools, software plays a vital role in data interpretation and patient monitoring. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are used to document patient progress, while specialized respiratory software helps in trend analysis, compliance tracking, and ventilator data management. Some hospitals and clinics also use mobile apps for real-time access to protocols and patient information.

Recommended Study Materials for Exam Prep
Preparing for Respiratory Therapy certification exams in Canada or the U.S. requires dedication and the right materials. Whether you’re aiming for the CBRC (Canadian Board for Respiratory Care) exam or the NBRC (National Board for Respiratory Care) exams, comprehensive resources are essential.

Top recommended study tools include:

• Q&A books: Practice questions simulate real exam formats and help you identify weak areas. Titles like Comprehensive Respiratory Therapy Exam Preparation or Egan’s Fundamentals of Respiratory Care Workbook are popular among students.
• Flashcards: These help reinforce key concepts and terminology, especially for anatomy, gas laws, ventilator modes, and pharmacology. Many students use platforms like Quizlet or create custom sets.
• Online courses: Digital platforms provide structured prep courses that include lectures, case studies, simulations, and mock exams. Look for courses aligned with NBRC or CBRC standards for the most targeted support.

For students balancing education with other responsibilities, online access makes it easier to study flexibly and effectively.

Continuing Education Options
To maintain licensure and stay current with evolving standards, Respiratory Therapists are expected to pursue continuing education (CE). Many professionals complete CE credits online, through hospital-sponsored programs, or by attending industry events.

Online learning platforms such as CEUfast, MedBridge, or RTCEU offer accredited courses on advanced ventilation, pediatrics, sleep disorders, and ethics. These platforms allow you to complete modules at your own pace with downloadable certificates of completion.

Webinars are another convenient method of continuing education. Professional associations often host live or recorded sessions featuring experts discussing the latest technologies, case reviews, or changes in protocols.

Many employers offer sponsored training, especially in hospital networks or respiratory care clinics. These programs may cover CEU costs, provide in-house workshops, or offer financial support for certifications like Neonatal-Pediatric Specialist (NPS) or Sleep Disorders Specialist (SDS).

Professional Associations for Support and Networking
Joining a professional association can help Respiratory Therapists stay informed, connected, and career-ready. These organizations provide access to journals, policy updates, job boards, CE opportunities, and a strong community of peers.

Here are the top Respiratory Therapist associations in Canada and the United States:

• Canada:
  • Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists (CSRT) – The national professional association for RTs in Canada. It provides certification resources, CE, advocacy, and networking.
  • College of Respiratory Therapists of Ontario (CRTO) – Regulates RTs in Ontario and offers continuing education resources.
  • British Columbia Society of Respiratory Therapists (BCSRT) – Offers local events and professional development tools.
• United States:
  • American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC) – The largest U.S.-based professional organization, AARC offers journals, educational materials, and a powerful advocacy platform.
  • National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC) – While primarily a credentialing body, NBRC also provides updates and resources to help professionals maintain certification and stay compliant.
  • Lambda Beta Society – An honor society for academic excellence in Respiratory Care, it supports leadership development and professional recognition.

Becoming active in these organizations gives RTs access to policy changes, upcoming conferences, peer mentoring programs, and professional growth opportunities.

All-in-One Learning and Career Toolkit
Respiratory Therapists benefit from having a centralized source for all their professional development needs. That’s where Healthcare Study Guide comes in. Whether you're preparing for your first exam, brushing up on ventilator strategies, or looking for CEU options, the platform offers:

• Practice tests tailored to your regional credentialing exam
• Study flashcards and topic reviews
• CEU course recommendations
• Tools comparison guides for equipment and software
• Networking and career growth tips from industry insiders

Instead of searching multiple sources, RTs can now find trusted tools and resources in one place—organized, up-to-date, and focused on success from exam day to employment and beyond.

Access tools, test prep, and continuing education all in one place at Healthcare Study Guide.

Entry-Level Education Paths

Starting a career as a Respiratory Therapist begins with completing an approved post-secondary education program. Entry-level education varies slightly depending on whether you're studying in Canada or the United States, but the goal remains the same: to prepare you for licensure and clinical practice.

In the United States, aspiring Respiratory Therapists typically enroll in an Associate of Science in Respiratory Therapy (ASRT) or a Bachelor of Science in Respiratory Therapy (BSRT) program. The associate degree takes about two years to complete and qualifies graduates for the Certified Respiratory Therapist (CRT) exam, which is often a stepping stone to the Registered Respiratory Therapist (RRT) credential.

In Canada, prospective RTs often pursue a Diploma in Respiratory Therapy from accredited colleges or universities. These programs generally span three years and include a combination of classroom theory and clinical placements. Graduates are eligible to sit for the Canadian Board for Respiratory Care (CBRC) exam, required for provincial licensure.

Bachelor’s degrees are increasingly favored across both countries for providing more extensive training in patient care, leadership, and healthcare systems—important as the profession continues to evolve.

Advanced Degrees
While not mandatory for entry-level practice, advanced degrees are gaining popularity among Respiratory Therapists who want to expand their clinical scope, pursue teaching or leadership roles, or contribute to respiratory research.

Graduate programs include a Master of Science in Respiratory Therapy, Master of Health Administration, or a Doctor of Clinical Science (DCLS) in advanced practice respiratory therapy. These programs focus on evidence-based care, system improvement, and interprofessional collaboration. In the U.S., Respiratory Therapists may also pursue a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) or PhD in Health Sciences, depending on their area of specialization or academic goals.

These degrees are especially valuable for those aiming to move into areas like critical care coordination, public health policy, or academic faculty positions.

Bridge Programs
Bridge programs provide a pathway for practicing healthcare professionals to upgrade their qualifications. Though not all bridge programs are directly for Respiratory Therapy, many RTs take advantage of related pathways to broaden their skills or shift focus.

For example, U.S. RTs holding an Associate degree can enroll in a RT-to-BSRT bridge program. These are often offered in a flexible online format and are tailored for working professionals looking to elevate their qualifications. Likewise, licensed professionals like paramedics, RNs, or LPNs sometimes transition into Respiratory Therapy by completing an accelerated diploma or bachelor’s program that credits prior learning.

Bridge programs are designed to accommodate your schedule while building on your previous education, so you can continue working while enhancing your credentials.

Online & Hybrid Options
Many universities and colleges now offer online and hybrid Respiratory Therapy programs, which allow students to complete didactic courses remotely while fulfilling clinical requirements through local hospital placements or on-campus intensives.

Leading U.S. institutions such as Boise State University, Weber State University, and University of Cincinnati offer flexible BSRT and MSRT programs with asynchronous course delivery and virtual labs. In Canada, schools like Thompson Rivers University, Dalhousie University, and The Michener Institute have hybrid diploma and degree offerings for students across provinces.

These flexible learning models are especially beneficial for part-time students, career changers, and working parents, making Respiratory Therapy more accessible than ever before.

Financial Aid & Scholarships
Cost can be a barrier, but a range of financial aid options make education in Respiratory Therapy more attainable. Students may qualify for government student loans and grants, institutional scholarships, or tuition reimbursement programs through employers.

In the U.S., options include FAFSA, Pell Grants, and scholarships through organizations like the American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). Many states also offer healthcare-specific incentives such as loan forgiveness for working in underserved areas.

In Canada, students may be eligible for Canada Student Loans, provincial scholarships, or union-based funding such as the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) Education Fund. Some hospitals or clinics also reimburse tuition if the degree directly benefits your role, especially for those advancing into leadership or specialized care.

Private foundations and Respiratory Therapy associations often award scholarships based on academic merit, financial need, or underrepresented backgrounds, so be sure to explore all options.

Choosing the Right Program
When selecting an educational path, consider factors like program accreditation, clinical placement opportunities, faculty experience, licensure pass rates, and career support services. Accreditation by organizations such as CoARC (U.S.) or Accreditation Canada ensures your degree meets national standards and qualifies you for licensing exams.

Don’t forget to ask about mentorship programs, resume support, and alumni networking as part of your decision-making process.

Find the best education path and prep with our Healthcare Study Guide platform—all from one trusted source.

Why Unions Matter

Unions play a vital role in advocating for respiratory therapists across North America. Whether you’re practicing in Canada or the United States, joining a union can lead to better compensation, improved working conditions, and more secure job protections. One of the primary reasons healthcare professionals, including respiratory therapists, join unions is the ability to negotiate higher wages through collective bargaining agreements. Unions also work to ensure safer staffing ratios, which not only protect patients but also reduce the risk of burnout among care providers.

Additionally, union representation strengthens job security, providing support in cases of disputes, layoffs, or workplace grievances. This added layer of protection gives professionals the confidence to advocate for patient safety and ethical standards without fear of retaliation. Unionized workplaces often offer better benefits, clearer career progression opportunities, and access to resources like legal support and continuing education.

As healthcare systems evolve and demands on respiratory therapists increase, union involvement helps amplify your voice within the workforce. Whether you’re newly certified or a seasoned therapist, being part of a union offers a community of support and the tools to thrive professionally.

Top Unions
In Canada, several provincial and national unions represent respiratory therapists and allied health professionals. The Canadian Federation of Nurses Unions (CFNU) is a major umbrella organization advocating for healthcare professionals, while the Ontario Nurses' Association (ONA) and the British Columbia Nurses' Union (BCNU) offer provincial-level support and representation. Although primarily for nurses, these unions often include respiratory therapists as members, especially in hospital settings where roles intersect.

In the United States, respiratory therapists are often represented by large, national healthcare unions. The National Nurses United (NNU), Service Employees International Union (SEIU), and California Nurses Association (CNA) are among the most active labor organizations in advocating for healthcare workers’ rights. These unions push for better wages, work-life balance, and protections against workplace violence or discrimination. SEIU, in particular, includes a significant number of allied health professionals and has a strong presence in both public and private healthcare sectors.

Union membership may also influence hiring, promotion, and working conditions, so understanding the union landscape in your region can give you an edge in your career planning.

Top Employers
Respiratory therapists are in high demand across diverse healthcare environments. In Canada, top employers include major hospital networks such as University Health Network (Toronto), St. Michael’s Hospital, and Vancouver Coastal Health, which operate large respiratory therapy departments. Provincial healthcare systems such as Alberta Health Services (AHS) and Fraser Health Authority also employ hundreds of respiratory professionals, offering opportunities in acute care, long-term care, and rehabilitation.

In the United States, top employers include nationally ranked hospital systems like Cleveland Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Mass General Brigham, and Kaiser Permanente. These organizations are known for cutting-edge respiratory care, advanced technologies, and strong support for continuing education and specialization.

Beyond traditional hospitals, many RTs find employment with telehealth providers, home care companies, and remote health monitoring firms, particularly as digital healthcare becomes more mainstream. These settings offer greater flexibility and are ideal for those seeking non-traditional schedules or part-time roles.

Another growing avenue is travel respiratory therapy, which allows certified professionals to take short-term contracts across cities, provinces, or states. Agencies like Aya Healthcare, AMN Healthcare, and Cross Country Healthcare offer travel positions with competitive pay and housing benefits. This option is especially popular among early-career RTs looking to explore different regions and healthcare systems.

Job Boards & Hiring Resources
Finding the right position starts with using reliable job search platforms tailored to the healthcare industry. Respiratory therapists can begin by visiting hospital system career pages directly, where full-time, part-time, and casual positions are regularly updated.

Government health boards like HealthForceOntario, Health Careers in Saskatchewan, and WorkBC are excellent resources in Canada. In the U.S., state-specific health departments and workforce commissions post job openings in both public and private facilities.

Additionally, well-known general job boards such as Indeed, LinkedIn, Glassdoor, and ZipRecruiter offer thousands of postings for respiratory therapy roles. Some platforms even allow you to filter by licensure requirements, union affiliation, and remote availability. Professional organizations like the Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists (CSRT) and American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC) often host job boards exclusive to members, connecting you directly to employers who understand the value of certified RTs.

Make sure your resume highlights your credentials, clinical experience, and specialization areas like neonatal care, sleep studies, or critical care. Use professional development tools, mock interviews, and resume templates to increase your chances of landing interviews in competitive locations.

Use our Healthcare Study Guide to stand out in applications and interviews. Master the material, boost your resume, and get hired faster.

The respiratory care profession is rapidly evolving, driven by technology, shifting healthcare priorities, and an increasing demand for specialized skills. Staying informed about emerging trends and professional developments is crucial for Respiratory Therapists who want to remain competitive and effective in today’s dynamic healthcare landscape.

Emerging Trends

Several innovations and global healthcare developments are reshaping the way Respiratory Therapists deliver care:

• AI & Healthcare Technology: Artificial intelligence and machine learning are now assisting with patient monitoring, ventilator adjustments, diagnostic interpretation, and predictive analytics. RTs with knowledge of these tools are in high demand.
• Telehealth Integration: Post-pandemic care delivery models have incorporated remote patient monitoring and virtual consultations. Respiratory Therapists are increasingly using telehealth to guide patients with chronic conditions like COPD and asthma, especially in rural or underserved areas.
• Mental Health & Preventative Care: A holistic approach to patient care now includes recognition of mental health stressors, especially for patients with chronic respiratory illness. Respiratory Therapists are playing a more active role in preventative care education, smoking cessation programs, and lifestyle interventions.

These emerging areas require adaptability and ongoing learning, making professional development more important than ever.

In-Demand Certifications

As healthcare settings become more complex, employers are increasingly looking for Respiratory Therapists who hold advanced credentials. The following certifications are gaining traction and enhancing career prospects:

• Registered Respiratory Therapist (RRT) – Considered the gold standard in both Canada and the U.S. for demonstrating clinical expertise.
• Neonatal/Pediatric Specialist (NPS) – Ideal for RTs working in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) or pediatric settings.
• Sleep Disorders Specialist (SDS) – Relevant for those working in sleep labs or focusing on disorders such as sleep apnea.
• Certified Asthma Educator (AE-C) – Recognized in both countries for those involved in asthma management and patient education.
• Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) – Essential for acute care professionals and required in most critical care settings.

These certifications not only improve job security but also lead to increased wages and specialized roles.

Professional Development

Continuous learning and networking are central to long-term career success. Respiratory Therapists can stay current and connected through a variety of professional development options:

• Conferences & Workshops: Major conferences like the American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC) Congress and Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists (CSRT) Annual Conference offer workshops, lectures, and networking opportunities. These events focus on innovations in care, patient safety, and clinical best practices.
• Professional Associations:
  • Canada: Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists (CSRT), provincial colleges such as the College of Respiratory Therapists of Ontario (CRTO)
  • United States: American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC), National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC)
• Mentorship & Peer Programs: Many hospitals and associations offer mentorship initiatives to support early-career therapists. These programs provide guidance, boost confidence, and help bridge the gap between education and clinical practice.

Staying active in professional circles helps Respiratory Therapists access resources, scholarships, continuing education credits, and leadership opportunities.

Workplace Challenges & Opportunities

While the field is full of promise, it is not without challenges. Understanding these realities can help you better prepare for a resilient and rewarding career.

• Burnout: Long shifts, emotionally demanding environments, and critical care duties can lead to stress and fatigue. Self-care, peer support, and institutional wellness programs are essential to manage burnout.
• Staff Shortages: There is a growing need for Respiratory Therapists across North America, especially in rural regions and specialty units. This shortage creates job security and fast-track hiring opportunities, particularly for well-prepared and certified professionals.
• Growing Demand for Specialization: From neonatal intensive care to pulmonary rehabilitation and sleep medicine, specialized knowledge is becoming a key differentiator. Employers are actively seeking therapists who can take on advanced clinical responsibilities and lead interdisciplinary teams.

Each challenge presents an opportunity for growth—whether through advanced education, relocation, or adopting a leadership role in a fast-paced healthcare setting.

Stay ahead of industry shifts. Use Healthcare Study Guide to future-proof your skills.